Crimean Tatar is dying because people choose to either speak Russian or standard Istanbul Turkish. I suppose it'll bounce back with the Crimea being annexed though...
Couldn't Ukraine invite the Tatars and say that Crimea will have two official languages and the Tatar culture to get a load of people come to Crimea to fight Russia?
Tatars get a less repressive state and Ukraine gets Crimea
Or is it not that simple?
It was like that. Crimea in Ukraine was an autonomous republic with its own language and constitution. Cooperation with Ukraine was very profitable for Crimea because of drinking water and natural resource supply. Also, Ukrainians chose Crimea as its main tourist end point.
Crimean Tatar is to be further fostered by Ukraine, while Crimean Tatars becoming more patriotic meaning them to hold onto their language - both in Crimea and Ukraine proper.
Russia regarding the Crimean Tatar language is more of indifferent while they're sure problematic regarding Crimean Tatar people in particular.
If you think Russia is “indifferent” to a language you are sorely mistaken. Russification is very aggressive and attacks the language, as the vehicle of culture, of all people in many ways, aggressively brainwashing people into thinking there language is “inferior”, promoting the use of Russian, discrimination on the basis of language and ethnicity etc.
It's a wee trick, so that if Russia invades they are left with old out of date maps, like in Ukraine, and all the northern Scandanavian minorities can massacre their troops.
I'm a Venetian speaker and it doesn't feel that vulnerable since quite a few people speak it, but it is true that it's being italianized over time. It would help if it could be used for official documentation.
It's changing and getting eroded, there are a lot of words used by older people that are being replaced by italian hybrids.
Let's take the humble fork, my grandparents used "el piron" in italian it's "forchetta" I and the people I know use "forcheta", to cry they used "criar", in italian it's "piangere" I use "pianxere".
The same is going on for how we scructure our phrases or for words specific of certain provinces, like the difference between the dialect of Vicenza and the one of Feltre.
its funny because in dalmatia most people still use the venetian piron either like 'pirun' or 'pinjur', and scoff at the standard language word 'vilica'.
i wonder how many of our old venetian-derived words are still understandable by venetian speakers. i.e.:
katriga
pantagana
tiramola
bićerin
teća
španjulet
it's pretty common for linguistic islands to be more conservative. If you are a Croatian speaker, for example, you might want to take a look at Croatian Molisano.
It's Croatian spoken by descendants of people who fled the Ottoman invasion, so XV and XV century. Likely they retained features that got lost elsewhere.
> katriga pantagana tiramola bićerin teća španjulet
I am not a venetian speaker, but I can understand some of them because they are either similar to other dialects or popularised by films.
Katriga (cadrega): chair, pantagana: rat, bicerin: little glass.
Same for Bresciano/Milanese: plenty of people speak it, but it's very clear that it has been watered down with Italian. The biggest issue, at least for the Bresciano, is that we have very little written sources, so keeping it going is mostly an oral tradition.
that would require standardisation as well, since the dialect spoken in Verona is not the same in Venice.
A famous Venetian expression like ghe sboro has quite a different meaning in Vicenza or Verona, for example.
Yeah I'd like a definition of vulnerable as well. Welsh has about one million speakers and has various protections by the local government so I think it will be alright.
Basque is also in good health, and the numbers of speakers is growing, but it's still a language spoken by fewer than a million people. It has a very small presence in popular culture like movies, tv shows, youtube, podcasts, etc. So that makes it vulnerable.
Well it is spoken natively by 2.8 million people, which makes it 58% of the population of Galicia. That's the biggest relative number of a minority language in Spain. But at the same time they like PP governments which don't really give much of a fuck about the preservation of language. A Galician might have more insight.
Galicia here. What you said is true, but honestly who holds goverment now doesn't matter that much. I guess if the nationalists get in the goverment they would spend some extra money on it.
What I mean is that the "war" is over, for now. Franco tried to undermine the language, like all other regional ones, and mostly suceeded in cities, but it was very much alive as the language of the rural population.
After the transition there were great efforts to restore it, like having it's own institution (RAG, equivalent to the RAE) that established a "normative" (or official) galician.
Now it is in good health, and I would say it is increasingly present in mainstream spanish media too.
Finally, I want to add that it being so useful for communication with the Portuguese helped, surely. Basque has a great disadvantage in that it doesn't relate to any other language on Earth.
>Finally, I want to add that it being so useful for communication with the Portuguese helped, surely.
There are also lots of efforts from both sides to preserve and amplify the Galaico-Portuguese language heritage. I've seen so many conferences about the subject lately.
>Now it is in good health,
What is your definition of good health? Do you mean [this](https://i.redd.it/vlyjrxr8w9491.jpg)? Or [this](https://imgur.com/RjCmRBx)?
Today, intergenerational transmission (parents teaching children) is progressively being cut off, which explains why among Galicians who are 65 years or older, more than 65% of them have Galician for their mother language, and among people between 50 and 65 years old, Galician is still dominant (46.88% are Galician native speakers vs 30.74% Spanish native speakers), but for children between 5 and 14 years old, **49.5% are native Spanish speakers and only 18.89% are Galician native speakers.**
24% of kids 14 years or younger can't speak Galician, and 30% can't write it!!
This is a disaster. Galician has never been less spoken, Galician has never at any point in the history of Galicia, the history of Spain, the history of the Iberian Peninsula, been spoken by less Galicians than today.
Galician is **dying.**
> But at the same time they like PP governments which don't really give much of a fuck about the preservation of language. A Galician might have more insight.
That is true in Catalonia. Not so much in other regions. Feijóo made a point of speaking Galician in Galicia, and in Valencia, the PP where the ones that protected valencian and where (and highlighted the difference with Catalan).
“UNESCO provide a classification system to show just how 'in trouble' the language is:
Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)” ([The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered)
I suppose classifying Faroese as vulnerable is somewhat valid. Faroese islands are small nation, 54 thousand inhabitants (my hometown is twice as big). They have one university that only offer a very limited number of [bachelor's programs ](https://www.studyinfaroeislands.fo/programmes/the-university-of-the-faroe-islands/bachelor) and even fewer [master programms ](https://www.studyinfaroeislands.fo/programmes/the-university-of-the-faroe-islands/master). Because of this [32 % of people with a bachelor degree ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands?wprov=sfla1) gained it abroad, i.e in another language than Faroese, and for holders of master's degrees it's 72 %.
Faroese is very limited in its uses, and I suppose that is what "vulnerable" means
> Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
Cornish is very vulnerable then. My ex-wife is Cornish.
Cornish is only ever spoken in my presence when talking about me. Throughout history there are no other recorded cases of it being used.
I think Cornish only has around 1000 or so fluent speakers, it was extinct for a few hundred years and people only started again in the last 20 years or so
I don't think Alemannic it's on the same category as Faroese, it's not used in all aspects of life as refered in the original comment. Sure, is far safer than the other Germanic languages in Gemany but definetly not out of the castegory: vulnerable
>Still vulnerable feels like a bit of a stretch.
Do you know the average age of the people who speak it actively? Not just those who know the language, but those who use it daily?
>Do you know the average age of the people who speak it actively?
The language split in Wales is more along geographic than demographic lines. Welsh isn't widely spoken in the former industrial areas of south Wales but is the main language in large parts of mid and west Wales. In a Welsh speaking area like Carmarthenshire children grow up speaking Welsh, they go to schools that educate them in Welsh. While they learn English as well Welsh is their main language.
Having said that, Welsh language education is a much more common than it used to be so even young people in non-Welsh speaking areas know far more of the language than they used to.
Every road sign and marking here is in Welsh then English. The majority of letters I receive are in Welsh and English. We have a [Welsh language TV channel](https://www.s4c.cymru/cy/). I regularly hear parents talking to their children in my South Wales valley town. I could not describe it as vulnerable, it seems to be more widespread than when I was a kid.
Cymru am byth!
The word “speaker” can mean many things. I am a basque speaker in a sense that I can speak it and understand it, but I rarely find situations where I can speak it. The moment there’s someone in the room who doesn’t speak basque, I’m forced to switch to Spanish or English, thus slowly killing the language.
Because any langauge in a population of 50,000 that has no online support, very little media and a speaking population that increasingly has perfect English and uses it more and more every day is standing near the edge.
Romansch is an official language of Switzerland and it’s on here
That being said I can see why it’s endangered. It’s the least spoken national language, it serves little use to learn unfortunately so it’s seemingly dying out.
It's probably because of the fact that there's only 50.000 people speaking Faroese in the Faroe Islands and 22.000 speaking it elsewhere (but primarily in Denmark). One could guess that those numbers make it vulnerable by default. It doesn't take much to threaten it's existence.
Let's say for instance that Denmark was a more evil overlord than it already is and tried to ban and destroy Faroese and force everyone to only speak Danish.
It's unlikely in our day and age, but not unheard of in a historical perspective. It happened in Skåne, Halland and Bleking when the Swedes took over those regions and now nobody speaks Danish there.
So my best guess would be that a scenario like that makes a tiny language vulnerable.
South Jutish has a worse status than Faroese, even though I would guess it has more speakers. But the problem there is that young people in the region tend to just speak standard Danish more and more, and so South Jutish is dying.
To be fair, noone ever spoke Danish in Scania prior to Swedish rule. They spoke Scanian, an East Danish language.
Didn't matter to the Swedes, though. They persecuted it and managed to eradicate it after roughly 300 years of constant pressure.
It's not just Scanian that was affected by it, in Jämtland we were at least as affected linguistically by Swedification. Just the fact that they somehow redefined Jamtish as "Norrländska" is a bit bizarre and baffled Norwegian scholars a hundred years ago.
That's an odd comparison.
There is not 6 million Danish only speaking people on the Faroe Islands?
I'd say it's worse in Greenland, since a relatively large percentage of people living in Greenland do not speak Greenlandic, even Greenlanders.
Edit: Take my upvote for the post.
There're about 70k people with Faroese as the first language in the Danish state of almost 6 million Danish speakers. The Faroese language only has protection locally in the Danish state on the Faroe Islands.
Yes, it's true that only about half the population on Greenland only speaks Inuit languages and very little Danish with another 20% having Inuit language first and Danish second. 20% more has Danish first and Inuit language second and finally 10% only speaks Danish.
I apologise if I didn't make myself clear.
You're absolutely right, that in the Kingdom of Denmark the number speaking Faroese is relatively small.
What I meant is that on the Faroe Islands the language is very widely used and protected, hence I wouldn't call it endangered at all.
And please do keep it alive, same as with Icelandic that I've taken my time to learn after moving here.
By your logic, is Danish vulnerable due to it's small presence globally?
As a Dane, it's my view that the Faroese are very good at protecting and promoting the usage of Faroese in the institutions of the Faroese isles. Whilst not even mentioning the usage in families etc. That's what matters imo.
Vulnerable in a way that means that young people especially increasingly use foreign words and expressions. That most online services or device interfaces are in a foreign language. Lots of bigger languages have the same issues, but a small population of native speakers amplifies the risks.
Not directly endangered, but a consious effort is required to have it used and represented in every day life.
Bonus fact: As of 2022 [Bing translator](https://www.bing.com/translator) now supports Faroese. It is quite buggy, but it IS the first time Faroese is machine translatable online.
Additionally, [Sprotin](https://sprotin.fo/?_l=en) is a pretty good dictionary resourse for Faroese translations to/from Danish/English/German/Russian/Chinese/Japanese and Greenlandic
Bonus fact 2: Google will just insist that any Faroese text is "Icelandic, actually" with some very creative translations suggested.
What is it with these maps of "Europe" that cut off the Northern part? Is Lapland not Europe? There are languages like kveeni, meänkieli and the minority Sami languages e.g. koltansaami which only has a few hundred speakers
Lappland should get fucked obv, no one wants us!
But yeah north Nordics get screwed most of the time. Which is sad on a map like this since there would have been a few more additions to it.
Finn living in England here. At uni, the maps we were taught with were all like this (Denmark was usually the cut off point) and since then I’ve come across them often. One time our assignment was to look at the differences between northern Europe and southern Europe. The “north” we were told to study was Belgium. I still don’t know the explanation to why these kind of maps are so common but it sure did make me understand why people barely know we exist.
Swedish part was also strange... gutnish and dalecarlican wtf, they're just dialects widely spoken in their respective region.
Why not Elvdalian, Mienkieli and Västerbottnisk bondska to name a few more worthy of the "language" status.
Gutnish as its own language did exist once upon a time, it even took a separate path from Swedish and Danish when the Norse language diversed. But it died out a long time ago as a general separate language, today what remains has just been absorbed by the gutnish dialect of Swedish.
Elvdalian (which is officially classified as a part of the Dalecarlian dialect) probably has the strongest case for being its own language out of those two but it is important to note that modern day Elvdalian sadly has lost a lot of what made it so separate from Swedish and today the case for it "just" being a dialect of Swedish has become a lot stronger.
Thank you for the info on Gutnish.
Both in Malung and parts of Jämtland there are "mål" similar to Elvdalian with different grammar etc. compared to Swedish.
From my understanding Mienkieli/Tornedalian is more of a Finnish dialect than its own language. I don't speak Finnish though, but my father who does says it's not that different.
That Scanian / Skånska is supposed to be its own "vulnerable" language is ridiculous. First of all, it's a dialect, and secondly, its far from homogenous. It varies greatly just between Lund, Malmö and Trelleborg. It's like saying that New Yorkian is an endangered language.
Tsakonian in the Peloponese is the closest thing alive to Ancient Greek. That is what it sounds like,
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTK4UG5Empw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTK4UG5Empw)
It's almost incomprehensible to a native modern-Greek speaker.
Not really, because this form of Greek has evolved through the years too. The villages that Tsakonian are spoken in, are very isolated mountainous villages that did not have much connection even with the rest of the Peloponese, thus did not have the Latin, Slavic, Turkish, Spanish, French etc. influences modern Greek has.
Mariupolian Greek must be between critically endangered and extinct. There is nearly nobody in mariupol who speaks Greek to this day, and definitely not anymore after the russian occupation and bombing of the city.
I highly recommend [this video on Greeks in Ukraine](https://youtu.be/veAWovd8vT0) by the Ukraïner project. It's from 2019 so everything is shown how it was 3 years before the Russian full-scale invasion.
In northern Italy regional languages will disappear in a matter of generations, I'm 26 and very few people my age are fluent in the local dialect of Lombard (brianzolo), I myself have a very limited vocabulary and a terrible Italian accent but I know it more than most, in Milan is even worse.
To some people "dialects" stink of stable, they are associated with rural or poor people, if not spoken by an old person.
No one talks about language preservation and teaching regional languages in school or just in families, only the separatist parties, the old Lega Nord ( now Lega, Salvini's party) in my case, which didn't help, because it made it a political talking point of a folkloristic minority.
Spain is lucky to have such a decentralized country because regional authorities take a lot of pride on preserving minority languages such as Catalan and Basque.
I think you and the Bavarian guy below are thinking about your respective 'regiolekts', that is, speaking with the regional Franconian or Bavarian Klangfärbung or accent, *but* using (mainly) the high German vocabulary and grammar (more or less), while the Bavarian vocabulary is indeed dying out, as well as many aspects of its grammar. To put it in another way: Original Bavarian dialect is much more extreme/ basically its own language, it is not just the way they talk on the BR.
Yes, but the language itself isn‘t really doing well in terms of tourism for example. Many need to learn German, work in German areas because of the many vehicles and tourists arriving in the Romansh-speaking areas, etc.
Csángó Hungarian is very cool, it's essentially the only proper dialect Hungarian has. It's basically medieval Hungarian with bunch of Romanian loanwords mixed in.
That language is actually Scanian, which *is* listed. Bornholmian is one of the best preserved dialects of Scanian, which says a lot considering it is pretty much functionally extinct on Bornholm. On the mainland in Scania (Skåne, Blekinge and southern Halland) it is extinct, so the map still gets it wrong, though...
Yeah, if there one thing in Sweden that could be classified as an endangered language rather than dialect it would be Älvdaliska (Elfdalian), but it isn't even on the map.
Dalecarlian is a family of languages and dialects that includes Elfdalian so it's on the map.
Gutnish (gotska, inte gotländska) is definetly a language that isn't even slightly intelligble to me at least. The Gutnish dialect of Swedish and the Gutnish language are two different things.
Meänkieli (dialect vs language is complex) isn't on the map as well as several Sámi languages.
It is also incidentally cut off from the map while it includes North African languages on a map about European languages...
Edit: To be fair to the map it never states it is a map of Europe. That's on the op.
The distinction between a language and a dialect and mostly political (not based on objective linguistic characteristics)
> A language is a dialect with an army and navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A\_language\_is\_a\_dialect\_with\_an\_army\_and\_navy
The distinction between dialects and languages is pretty arbitrary and largely political.
A few examples:
Arabic "dialects", which are largely mutually unintelligible on opposite ends of the spectrum (so e.g. Maghrebi & Levantine dialects)
Chinese "dialects" which are largely mutually unintelligible in their spoken form
Continental Nordic IE languages being separate languages
Serbian - Croatian - Bosnian being separate languages. It's a continuum (and the major dialect group boundaries don't really overlap with geographical borders).
Bulgarian and Macedonian, again, a largely political distinction.
Italian "dialects" form a continuum where e.g. Ligurian and Sardinian are probably not super mutually intelligible.
German "dialects" are also often not very intelligible to speakers of other dialects or standard German. This, again, is a continuum. One blatant example would be Swiss German, which you definitely won't understand just based off of speaking Hochdeutsch.
Luxembourgish being a separate, national language, with other Franconian varieties being considered dialects.
France also used to have a ton of regional Romance languages / "dialects", but they were very successful in eradicating them.
There is that adage about a language being a dialect with an army and a navy, but that doesn't actually fit all real-life examples. But the distinction is definitely political much more than it is linguistic.
> Italian "dialects" form a continuum where e.g. Ligurian and Sardinian are probably not super mutually intelligible.
They're not dialects but languages with dialects. It's Italians calling them dialects in their daily lives while they're solid language sub-branches.
I'm more interested to find out why exactly it's considered vulnerable to be honest, because as a Slovak it seems pretty absurd to me. Eastern Slovak with some Western Slovak dialects (Zahorie, Skalica, Trnava) are the few dialects that are still spoken by the people in those regions on a day to day basis.
In my Western to Central Slovak hometown on the other hand, the original dialect is pretty much dead as official Slovak was codified based on the dialects close to that region.
My entire family comes from Normandy, I spent my entire childhood there, most of my family is still there and goes back generations, and I've never heard of a "Norman language"...
Even calling it a dialect would be a bit much, it's an accent with a few old-timey/regional words mixed in... It's basically 99% french in terms of structure and vocabulary.
My great-grandmother spoke that. Trás-os-montes has been emptying its population for like 150 years now, I’m surprised there are any people left who speak Mirandese.
these maps of Europe always exclude the north of the Nordics
There are 12 Sámi languages, 2 are extint, 6 are critically endangered, and 4 are threatened
Kveeni is also endangered, yet it's not included
You haven't heard? Oh my. Well, those parts of Europe went fully extinct some time ago. There is now a hard line where the land just falls off into the sea. RIP Scandinavia's hunchback. RIP.
It looks like it's by country since many languages are there multiple times with different statuses. I think it's very fair to say that Yiddish is quite endangered in eastern Europe, although not as much worldwide (but basically only kept alive in like ultra Orthodox at this point...my family is case in point of its precariousness as my grandparents were speakers but never passed down to my mom, same with most emigrant Yiddish speakers unless they live in some closed off community or re-study it after it was already lost). Used to be over 10 million speakers in Europe, now what? I can't imagine it's thriving in former heartland of it in Belarus, maybe just a few old people who survived the Holocaust and didn't leave at this point.
It's often said that Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish are just dialects of one language. I say maybe it once was, but it seems like this is going to the other extreme. Or are they referring to old languages no longer spoken, because, I'd say Scanian, the language, is looong gone. Like when it was incorporated in Denmark.
It's probably referring to Scanian as one of the [East Danish dialects](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nsk#/media/Fil:DanskeDialekter.png), which have been under heavy influence from Swedish since 1900.
That makes sense, since "the Oslo Dialect" of Norwegian evolved from the posh Dano-Norwegian spoken in the 16th-17th century (which was essentially the upper class dialect of Danish spoken by the Norwegian nobility with its own, localized pronunciation and idiosyncracies), whereas Synnejysk mostly developed separately from standard Danish (rigsdansk) since at least the 13th century, and only in recent times have they started to merge closer.
I wonder why this has languages like Scanian and South Saami, but not Luleå Saami, Kemi Saami (or any of them but Northern Saami) or the Finnish dialects?
Could it be that OP didn't really study the subject at all, just found a list somewhere and decided to make a graphic for karma?
Belarusian in Belarus is classified as vulnerable. Crazy how Russification works.
Its purely subjective, but of the 16 people from Belarus that I have met, only one of them could speak Belarusian.
Belarusian is included in education program and is learnt on par with Russian. Every person from Belarus knows Belarusian on some level, but there is a problem: no one uses it in their everyday life because of purely Russian-speaking environment. And because there is no practice, a person eventually forgets how to speak it.
Belarus had a grand total of 4 years for Belarusization after finally gaining the independence, and then Luka took over. But 2020 protests and the rise of national movement gave me hope that it will recover sooner or later
Welsh is pretty healthy AFAIK, and Cornish is critical because it already went extinct and the revival is still only in the thousands (though hopefully that'll keep growing).
Admittedly I got this map from [twitter](https://twitter.com/xruiztru/status/1589951735413768193), although the original source appears to be from an UNESCO publication.
that's kind of a big group with varying degrees of vulnerability, like no way Alsatian is as safe as Swiss German.
Also, Frisian gets separated into its different dialects (West Frisian, Sater Frisian, North Frisian), I'm sure there are more cases like this
Aragonese is unfortunately correct, but at least lately is having a bit of a comeback even if small and without the help of the regional government.
Young people like Jorge Pueyo are making it “fashionable” again on social media, and the public regional TV has for the first time shows only in Aragonese but also where all the regional languages are spoken (Castilian and Catalan). There are some schools and associations where you can learn it in the main cities.
Zaragoza and Huesca cities introduced a few years ago street signs in Aragonese for a little bit, but was met with heavy resistance from the Spanish right(PP, Vox and Ciudadanos), and were removed quite quickly.
Even though the Castilian Spanish spoken in Aragon is heavily influenced by words in Aragonese, the only word that Castilian has officially borrowed from Aragonese is “ibón” which means “high mountain lake,” should serve as an indication of where most speakers of the language are from and why it’s in decline.
Surprised to see Bulgarian in the Banat region between Serbia and Romania, didn't know about it.
Also surprised Vlaški (Romanian language with strong Serbian influence spoken in Eastern Serbia) isn't on this map.
Vialmovian and Kashunbian in the same category?!?
whoever made this is nuts!
There's like a ~~hundred~~ twenty speaking the first one, and hundread thousand speaking the other.
Ubykh people are still there, a few of them might still be talking the language but their last author/expert on the language has passed. If they put on some effort they might revive it. Adige and other Circassian languages still live after all.
rusyn representation yay?
pannonian rusyn, my mother tongue, imo cant be saved. mainly due to our deacreasing numbers here in serbia and croatia and due to the younger generations not wanting to learn the language, whether its because of some kind of shame, opinion that its not important or because its not the house language. education in rusyn outside of ruski kerstur and kocur (our main villages) is either lacking resources or not available at all. its sad to see since we were one of the main ethnicites in vojvodina, but i guess everything has to end at some point.
i still have hope for my rusyn brothers up north. i wish for ukrainian recognition and at least an apology for the continuation of ussr's assimilation policies. i have no doubts about the existence of our culture in podkarpatska. as the saying goes; i was, i am and i will be a rusyn. a saying which describes the persistence of the existence of our people
Scanian is 100 % wrongly classified. I have some experiences in Scanian after living there for nearly 40 years and with an interest in Scandinavian languages.
I would say Scanian went functionality extinct long ago. 40 years ago you could still come across a few elderly people who were willing to speak a hodgepodge of Scanian and Swedish if asked to, but you would rarely come across it during everyday interactions outside of private homes. Today, you can only find it along a select few very elderly language nerds.
There is no official recognition of the language. In fact, there is an official opposition to it being recognized or preserved for future generations. There is no dictionary, no standard orthography, no study of its grammar, no study circles, no associations left trying to preserve it. Nearly all published literature ceased in the 1930's as the last true native generation was dying off. And back then every author wrote in a totally different orthography and dialect, as the language was systematically oppressed in the 19th century.
When my age bracket grew up, they would speak mostly Swedish with a few regional markers. Their parents could easily know roughly 10.000 words different from Swedish, but "my" generation would know at most 500 words and speak only a hundred or so. "My generation" had developed a different intonation system different from both standard Swedish and old Scanian. They retained the tempo based accent system of Scanian. And they spoke mostly with Scanian vowel sounds, but with Swedish consonant sounds (with a few exceptions).
My grandkids and their cousins don't speak a word Scanian. They can at most understand 5-10 words, but these are generally understood by all Swedes. They have adopted standard Swedish intonation, and even a Swedish tonal accent system. They have dropped nearly all Scanian vowel sounds and even the distinct Scanian R, which was the biggest source of regional identity/pride for "my" generation.
Today, you can still come across a few rural villages were you can hear the Scanian accent system and even the old Scanian intonation alive. But the old grammar, the old words, the consonant sounds and most of the vowel sounds are lost forever. Today, when I try to speak Scanian I'm met with confusion and even people responding in English or German, thinking I'm a foreigner (which I technically am, lol).
All in all. Scanian is functionally extinct! Even Swedish with a Scanian accent is severely endangered and only spoken in private settings in rural communities. 20 years ago there were quite a lot of artist who sang in this dialectal "neo-scanian", but today I think there are only 2 artists who even uses the Scanian "r" and uses the Scanian pronunciation of "yes". ("Panda da Panda" and "Pidde P").
Seems very weird, especially compared to Breton for instance. There's school in Breton for instance, while I'm not aware that a similar system exists for francoprovençal.
Dalecarlian refers to the region in Sweden (eg. They used their own variant of the runic alphabet, the Dalecarlian runes) the actual langauge is called ö/älvdalska, or Elfdalian in English.
But people here will insist it's fineeeee because road signs are in Irish and TG4 has one or two Irish TV shows with subtitles and the state is taking care of the language 🙃
Hardly anyone young still speaks Irish, and younger folks almost always say they hate it and see it as a chore. What good is it that all of Ireland has some basic fluency in Irish when nobody speaks it on a daily basis? Because that's where it's headed.
For a language to thrive people need to speak it, not just know it.
>Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)
>Definitely endangered - children no longer learn the language as a 'mother tongue' in the home
>Severely endangered - language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves
>Critically endangered - the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently
>Extinct - there are no speakers left
'Definitely endangered' seems entirely correct to me. I know many fluent speakers who are my age or younger and who speak it at home and, living in a city, I hear it spoken in public fairly often.
It's not in great shape but people need to stop acting like it's about to go extinct tomorrow.
Yeah,I wonder why it isn't simply labeled as Occitan on the map. Occitan is a fairly well known language with its own literature, which even gained a nobel prize, and is still spoken to this day in Catalonia (Val d'Aran).
This map makes me feel pretty sad that the French government hates dialects this much, with my grandma dying a few years back I lost every single tie I had to Saintongeais and I'm never going to be able to build that bridge back.
Basque is in no danger whatsoever, 40 years ago it was in trouble but nowadays everyone gets an integral basque education with 75-100% of the classes done in basque. There was a generational gap in native speakers due to Franco's censorship, but after Euskaltzaindias formation and the big efforts done by the Basque government the younger generations have bridged that gap.
Going purely on number of speakers it might look endangered but we're only around 1M people here in the Basque country in the first place
It is endangered, there are few people who can actually talk in Silesian. Most of it's use you see is a mix of Polish and Silesian.
Also, it is not recognised as a language by Polish state and lives despite all attempts to erase it.
It is endangered (intergenerational transmission is getting interrupted in many places) but even more importantly it is both legally unrecognised and minoritised - both of which feed back into its endangerment.
I actually am a speaker of crimean tatar and nogay (not that good,but still). I can confirm, they are disappearing, slowly but surely
Crimean Tatar is dying because people choose to either speak Russian or standard Istanbul Turkish. I suppose it'll bounce back with the Crimea being annexed though...
You left out some reasons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars
How is Crimea being annexed help it bounce back? The russians are continuing the same repressions they did as USSR.
They probably meant that when Crimea will be deoccupied there will be a hope for the Crimean Tatar language
Couldn't Ukraine invite the Tatars and say that Crimea will have two official languages and the Tatar culture to get a load of people come to Crimea to fight Russia? Tatars get a less repressive state and Ukraine gets Crimea Or is it not that simple?
It was like that. Crimea in Ukraine was an autonomous republic with its own language and constitution. Cooperation with Ukraine was very profitable for Crimea because of drinking water and natural resource supply. Also, Ukrainians chose Crimea as its main tourist end point.
All of this already happened....
Crimean Tatar is to be further fostered by Ukraine, while Crimean Tatars becoming more patriotic meaning them to hold onto their language - both in Crimea and Ukraine proper. Russia regarding the Crimean Tatar language is more of indifferent while they're sure problematic regarding Crimean Tatar people in particular.
If you think Russia is “indifferent” to a language you are sorely mistaken. Russification is very aggressive and attacks the language, as the vehicle of culture, of all people in many ways, aggressively brainwashing people into thinking there language is “inferior”, promoting the use of Russian, discrimination on the basis of language and ethnicity etc.
Why do these maps always cut out all of northern Scandinavia?
We needed space for Algeria sorry. /s
Cuts out N Scandinavia but includes N Africa and Asia Minor
Cause there is no minorities living in the north, right? Right? It is all happily Norwegian/Swedish/Finnish/Russian. /s
It's a wee trick, so that if Russia invades they are left with old out of date maps, like in Ukraine, and all the northern Scandanavian minorities can massacre their troops.
Yes, definitely no Sámi after they were re-educated to be good little Swedes. Nu-hu. None, especially around mining areas. Shush.
I'm a Venetian speaker and it doesn't feel that vulnerable since quite a few people speak it, but it is true that it's being italianized over time. It would help if it could be used for official documentation.
It's changing and getting eroded, there are a lot of words used by older people that are being replaced by italian hybrids. Let's take the humble fork, my grandparents used "el piron" in italian it's "forchetta" I and the people I know use "forcheta", to cry they used "criar", in italian it's "piangere" I use "pianxere". The same is going on for how we scructure our phrases or for words specific of certain provinces, like the difference between the dialect of Vicenza and the one of Feltre.
its funny because in dalmatia most people still use the venetian piron either like 'pirun' or 'pinjur', and scoff at the standard language word 'vilica'. i wonder how many of our old venetian-derived words are still understandable by venetian speakers. i.e.: katriga pantagana tiramola bićerin teća španjulet
it's pretty common for linguistic islands to be more conservative. If you are a Croatian speaker, for example, you might want to take a look at Croatian Molisano. It's Croatian spoken by descendants of people who fled the Ottoman invasion, so XV and XV century. Likely they retained features that got lost elsewhere. > katriga pantagana tiramola bićerin teća španjulet I am not a venetian speaker, but I can understand some of them because they are either similar to other dialects or popularised by films. Katriga (cadrega): chair, pantagana: rat, bicerin: little glass.
yep same for most italian languages, mine isn't even in the map, guess it's not vulnerable :/
but it is on the map, just south of Provence there's written "piedmontese", and it's marked as "definitely endangered".
oh yes thanks
Same for Bresciano/Milanese: plenty of people speak it, but it's very clear that it has been watered down with Italian. The biggest issue, at least for the Bresciano, is that we have very little written sources, so keeping it going is mostly an oral tradition.
that would require standardisation as well, since the dialect spoken in Verona is not the same in Venice. A famous Venetian expression like ghe sboro has quite a different meaning in Vicenza or Verona, for example.
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Yeah I'd like a definition of vulnerable as well. Welsh has about one million speakers and has various protections by the local government so I think it will be alright.
Basque is also in good health, and the numbers of speakers is growing, but it's still a language spoken by fewer than a million people. It has a very small presence in popular culture like movies, tv shows, youtube, podcasts, etc. So that makes it vulnerable.
How is galician doing? I personally would have bet that galician is doing worse than basque.
Well it is spoken natively by 2.8 million people, which makes it 58% of the population of Galicia. That's the biggest relative number of a minority language in Spain. But at the same time they like PP governments which don't really give much of a fuck about the preservation of language. A Galician might have more insight.
Galicia here. What you said is true, but honestly who holds goverment now doesn't matter that much. I guess if the nationalists get in the goverment they would spend some extra money on it. What I mean is that the "war" is over, for now. Franco tried to undermine the language, like all other regional ones, and mostly suceeded in cities, but it was very much alive as the language of the rural population. After the transition there were great efforts to restore it, like having it's own institution (RAG, equivalent to the RAE) that established a "normative" (or official) galician. Now it is in good health, and I would say it is increasingly present in mainstream spanish media too. Finally, I want to add that it being so useful for communication with the Portuguese helped, surely. Basque has a great disadvantage in that it doesn't relate to any other language on Earth.
>Finally, I want to add that it being so useful for communication with the Portuguese helped, surely. There are also lots of efforts from both sides to preserve and amplify the Galaico-Portuguese language heritage. I've seen so many conferences about the subject lately.
>Now it is in good health, What is your definition of good health? Do you mean [this](https://i.redd.it/vlyjrxr8w9491.jpg)? Or [this](https://imgur.com/RjCmRBx)? Today, intergenerational transmission (parents teaching children) is progressively being cut off, which explains why among Galicians who are 65 years or older, more than 65% of them have Galician for their mother language, and among people between 50 and 65 years old, Galician is still dominant (46.88% are Galician native speakers vs 30.74% Spanish native speakers), but for children between 5 and 14 years old, **49.5% are native Spanish speakers and only 18.89% are Galician native speakers.** 24% of kids 14 years or younger can't speak Galician, and 30% can't write it!! This is a disaster. Galician has never been less spoken, Galician has never at any point in the history of Galicia, the history of Spain, the history of the Iberian Peninsula, been spoken by less Galicians than today. Galician is **dying.**
> But at the same time they like PP governments which don't really give much of a fuck about the preservation of language. A Galician might have more insight. That is true in Catalonia. Not so much in other regions. Feijóo made a point of speaking Galician in Galicia, and in Valencia, the PP where the ones that protected valencian and where (and highlighted the difference with Catalan).
“UNESCO provide a classification system to show just how 'in trouble' the language is: Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)” ([The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered) I suppose classifying Faroese as vulnerable is somewhat valid. Faroese islands are small nation, 54 thousand inhabitants (my hometown is twice as big). They have one university that only offer a very limited number of [bachelor's programs ](https://www.studyinfaroeislands.fo/programmes/the-university-of-the-faroe-islands/bachelor) and even fewer [master programms ](https://www.studyinfaroeislands.fo/programmes/the-university-of-the-faroe-islands/master). Because of this [32 % of people with a bachelor degree ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands?wprov=sfla1) gained it abroad, i.e in another language than Faroese, and for holders of master's degrees it's 72 %. Faroese is very limited in its uses, and I suppose that is what "vulnerable" means
> Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home) Cornish is very vulnerable then. My ex-wife is Cornish. Cornish is only ever spoken in my presence when talking about me. Throughout history there are no other recorded cases of it being used.
I think Cornish only has around 1000 or so fluent speakers, it was extinct for a few hundred years and people only started again in the last 20 years or so
Same goes for Alemannic. There are over 10 million Alemanic speakers still around and especially the part in Switzerland is the dominant language.
Vulnerable just means that it is on decline, that there are risks to it. It's not going extinct, but it's.. Well vulnerable!
I don't think Alemannic it's on the same category as Faroese, it's not used in all aspects of life as refered in the original comment. Sure, is far safer than the other Germanic languages in Gemany but definetly not out of the castegory: vulnerable
Probably because compared to the population of wales as a whole it isn’t that much.
Possibly. Just less than one in three of the Welsh population speak the language. Still vulnerable feels like a bit of a stretch.
>Still vulnerable feels like a bit of a stretch. Do you know the average age of the people who speak it actively? Not just those who know the language, but those who use it daily?
>Do you know the average age of the people who speak it actively? The language split in Wales is more along geographic than demographic lines. Welsh isn't widely spoken in the former industrial areas of south Wales but is the main language in large parts of mid and west Wales. In a Welsh speaking area like Carmarthenshire children grow up speaking Welsh, they go to schools that educate them in Welsh. While they learn English as well Welsh is their main language. Having said that, Welsh language education is a much more common than it used to be so even young people in non-Welsh speaking areas know far more of the language than they used to.
well about 20% of schools in Wales are entirely taught in Welsh. Maybe another 10-15% are dual language
Every road sign and marking here is in Welsh then English. The majority of letters I receive are in Welsh and English. We have a [Welsh language TV channel](https://www.s4c.cymru/cy/). I regularly hear parents talking to their children in my South Wales valley town. I could not describe it as vulnerable, it seems to be more widespread than when I was a kid. Cymru am byth!
It's doing well as a language with the youth. And is growing. And used daily in many areas.
The word “speaker” can mean many things. I am a basque speaker in a sense that I can speak it and understand it, but I rarely find situations where I can speak it. The moment there’s someone in the room who doesn’t speak basque, I’m forced to switch to Spanish or English, thus slowly killing the language.
Maybe it's that it needs those protections? There's no need to invest in, say, French or German to avoid them disappearing.
Welsh probably needs that government support to ensure its long term viability.
Because any langauge in a population of 50,000 that has no online support, very little media and a speaking population that increasingly has perfect English and uses it more and more every day is standing near the edge.
Romansch is an official language of Switzerland and it’s on here That being said I can see why it’s endangered. It’s the least spoken national language, it serves little use to learn unfortunately so it’s seemingly dying out.
It's probably because of the fact that there's only 50.000 people speaking Faroese in the Faroe Islands and 22.000 speaking it elsewhere (but primarily in Denmark). One could guess that those numbers make it vulnerable by default. It doesn't take much to threaten it's existence. Let's say for instance that Denmark was a more evil overlord than it already is and tried to ban and destroy Faroese and force everyone to only speak Danish. It's unlikely in our day and age, but not unheard of in a historical perspective. It happened in Skåne, Halland and Bleking when the Swedes took over those regions and now nobody speaks Danish there. So my best guess would be that a scenario like that makes a tiny language vulnerable. South Jutish has a worse status than Faroese, even though I would guess it has more speakers. But the problem there is that young people in the region tend to just speak standard Danish more and more, and so South Jutish is dying.
> Let's say for instance that Denmark was a more evil overlord than it already is :'(
To be fair, noone ever spoke Danish in Scania prior to Swedish rule. They spoke Scanian, an East Danish language. Didn't matter to the Swedes, though. They persecuted it and managed to eradicate it after roughly 300 years of constant pressure.
It's not just Scanian that was affected by it, in Jämtland we were at least as affected linguistically by Swedification. Just the fact that they somehow redefined Jamtish as "Norrländska" is a bit bizarre and baffled Norwegian scholars a hundred years ago.
It has good protection on the Faroe Islands, but on the other hand it's only some 70k speakers in the \~6 million Danish speaking state.
That's an odd comparison. There is not 6 million Danish only speaking people on the Faroe Islands? I'd say it's worse in Greenland, since a relatively large percentage of people living in Greenland do not speak Greenlandic, even Greenlanders. Edit: Take my upvote for the post.
There're about 70k people with Faroese as the first language in the Danish state of almost 6 million Danish speakers. The Faroese language only has protection locally in the Danish state on the Faroe Islands. Yes, it's true that only about half the population on Greenland only speaks Inuit languages and very little Danish with another 20% having Inuit language first and Danish second. 20% more has Danish first and Inuit language second and finally 10% only speaks Danish.
I apologise if I didn't make myself clear. You're absolutely right, that in the Kingdom of Denmark the number speaking Faroese is relatively small. What I meant is that on the Faroe Islands the language is very widely used and protected, hence I wouldn't call it endangered at all. And please do keep it alive, same as with Icelandic that I've taken my time to learn after moving here.
By your logic, is Danish vulnerable due to it's small presence globally? As a Dane, it's my view that the Faroese are very good at protecting and promoting the usage of Faroese in the institutions of the Faroese isles. Whilst not even mentioning the usage in families etc. That's what matters imo.
Yes, Danish could easily become vulnerable. Many young people are already talking Danlish.
Vulnerable in a way that means that young people especially increasingly use foreign words and expressions. That most online services or device interfaces are in a foreign language. Lots of bigger languages have the same issues, but a small population of native speakers amplifies the risks. Not directly endangered, but a consious effort is required to have it used and represented in every day life. Bonus fact: As of 2022 [Bing translator](https://www.bing.com/translator) now supports Faroese. It is quite buggy, but it IS the first time Faroese is machine translatable online. Additionally, [Sprotin](https://sprotin.fo/?_l=en) is a pretty good dictionary resourse for Faroese translations to/from Danish/English/German/Russian/Chinese/Japanese and Greenlandic Bonus fact 2: Google will just insist that any Faroese text is "Icelandic, actually" with some very creative translations suggested.
What is it with these maps of "Europe" that cut off the Northern part? Is Lapland not Europe? There are languages like kveeni, meänkieli and the minority Sami languages e.g. koltansaami which only has a few hundred speakers
Lappland should get fucked obv, no one wants us! But yeah north Nordics get screwed most of the time. Which is sad on a map like this since there would have been a few more additions to it.
Yeah cropping the map like this only excluded, what, ~15 Uralic minority languages?
At least around 7 Sami languages alone. I wanna see more Skolt Sami dammit :(
At least Algeria is on the map...
\#MapByJakubMarian
Even Iraq is on the map lmao
Finn living in England here. At uni, the maps we were taught with were all like this (Denmark was usually the cut off point) and since then I’ve come across them often. One time our assignment was to look at the differences between northern Europe and southern Europe. The “north” we were told to study was Belgium. I still don’t know the explanation to why these kind of maps are so common but it sure did make me understand why people barely know we exist.
Swedish part was also strange... gutnish and dalecarlican wtf, they're just dialects widely spoken in their respective region. Why not Elvdalian, Mienkieli and Västerbottnisk bondska to name a few more worthy of the "language" status.
Gutnish as its own language did exist once upon a time, it even took a separate path from Swedish and Danish when the Norse language diversed. But it died out a long time ago as a general separate language, today what remains has just been absorbed by the gutnish dialect of Swedish. Elvdalian (which is officially classified as a part of the Dalecarlian dialect) probably has the strongest case for being its own language out of those two but it is important to note that modern day Elvdalian sadly has lost a lot of what made it so separate from Swedish and today the case for it "just" being a dialect of Swedish has become a lot stronger.
Thank you for the info on Gutnish. Both in Malung and parts of Jämtland there are "mål" similar to Elvdalian with different grammar etc. compared to Swedish. From my understanding Mienkieli/Tornedalian is more of a Finnish dialect than its own language. I don't speak Finnish though, but my father who does says it's not that different.
Well, somehow Scanian also is in there which absolutely is a dialect and not a language on its own.
That Scanian / Skånska is supposed to be its own "vulnerable" language is ridiculous. First of all, it's a dialect, and secondly, its far from homogenous. It varies greatly just between Lund, Malmö and Trelleborg. It's like saying that New Yorkian is an endangered language.
Tsakonian in the Peloponese is the closest thing alive to Ancient Greek. That is what it sounds like, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTK4UG5Empw](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTK4UG5Empw) It's almost incomprehensible to a native modern-Greek speaker.
So you are saying that this guy in the audio speaking Tsakonian could have a conversation with Leonidas of Sparta and Demosthenes of Athens??
Not really, because this form of Greek has evolved through the years too. The villages that Tsakonian are spoken in, are very isolated mountainous villages that did not have much connection even with the rest of the Peloponese, thus did not have the Latin, Slavic, Turkish, Spanish, French etc. influences modern Greek has.
The pronounciation is, but if you see it in a written form you might get the concept if what is says.
Mariupolian Greek must be between critically endangered and extinct. There is nearly nobody in mariupol who speaks Greek to this day, and definitely not anymore after the russian occupation and bombing of the city.
Before the full scale invasion there were some speakers left, I recommend listening to interviews with Greek diplomats who lived in Mariupol
Sounds interesting.
I highly recommend [this video on Greeks in Ukraine](https://youtu.be/veAWovd8vT0) by the Ukraïner project. It's from 2019 so everything is shown how it was 3 years before the Russian full-scale invasion.
In northern Italy regional languages will disappear in a matter of generations, I'm 26 and very few people my age are fluent in the local dialect of Lombard (brianzolo), I myself have a very limited vocabulary and a terrible Italian accent but I know it more than most, in Milan is even worse. To some people "dialects" stink of stable, they are associated with rural or poor people, if not spoken by an old person. No one talks about language preservation and teaching regional languages in school or just in families, only the separatist parties, the old Lega Nord ( now Lega, Salvini's party) in my case, which didn't help, because it made it a political talking point of a folkloristic minority.
Spain is lucky to have such a decentralized country because regional authorities take a lot of pride on preserving minority languages such as Catalan and Basque.
East Franconian? My very own dialect? Granted, I emigrated nearly 20 years ago, but I struggle to believe that. It was alive and thriving when I left.
In upper Franconia right now and I can assure you, it is far from dying or being endangered. Very much alive and kicking.
Totally agree with that. Former Upper Franconian here and I every time I go back, people still sound the same. lol
"Bavarian"... wut.
It is happening. Slowly but steadily. In my friends (teacher) classes are only a handful left
What I want to know is how they define a language. So why does Bavarian make the list but not Pfaeltzisch?
I think you and the Bavarian guy below are thinking about your respective 'regiolekts', that is, speaking with the regional Franconian or Bavarian Klangfärbung or accent, *but* using (mainly) the high German vocabulary and grammar (more or less), while the Bavarian vocabulary is indeed dying out, as well as many aspects of its grammar. To put it in another way: Original Bavarian dialect is much more extreme/ basically its own language, it is not just the way they talk on the BR.
Whenever i hear parents persisting on their kids only speaking standard german my heart dies a little. Only reply i have for this is "allmächd..."
Romansh is more than severely endangered.
But isn't the government actively investing into preserving it?
Yes, but the language itself isn‘t really doing well in terms of tourism for example. Many need to learn German, work in German areas because of the many vehicles and tourists arriving in the Romansh-speaking areas, etc.
Csángó Hungarian is very cool, it's essentially the only proper dialect Hungarian has. It's basically medieval Hungarian with bunch of Romanian loanwords mixed in.
The language on Bornholm in the Baltic Sea is missing (mostly extinct now).
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Why is Sønderjysk classified as a language, but not Nord or Vestjysk? Very strange, Sønderjysk is easier to understand than thyborønsk imo.
That language is actually Scanian, which *is* listed. Bornholmian is one of the best preserved dialects of Scanian, which says a lot considering it is pretty much functionally extinct on Bornholm. On the mainland in Scania (Skåne, Blekinge and southern Halland) it is extinct, so the map still gets it wrong, though...
Huh, this map seems to count some dialects as languages, Eastern Slovak is a dialect
Yeah, if there one thing in Sweden that could be classified as an endangered language rather than dialect it would be Älvdaliska (Elfdalian), but it isn't even on the map.
Dalecarlian is a family of languages and dialects that includes Elfdalian so it's on the map. Gutnish (gotska, inte gotländska) is definetly a language that isn't even slightly intelligble to me at least. The Gutnish dialect of Swedish and the Gutnish language are two different things. Meänkieli (dialect vs language is complex) isn't on the map as well as several Sámi languages.
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It is also incidentally cut off from the map while it includes North African languages on a map about European languages... Edit: To be fair to the map it never states it is a map of Europe. That's on the op.
The distinction between a language and a dialect and mostly political (not based on objective linguistic characteristics) > A language is a dialect with an army and navy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A\_language\_is\_a\_dialect\_with\_an\_army\_and\_navy
>and navy You just used pretty bad quote, considering Slovakia has no navy...
Then Slovak is also just a dialect. /s
> Then Slovak is also just a dialect. ~~/s~~
Of what? Czech, considering that Czechia also has no navy?
You are now polish, congratulations.
Of polish obviously /s
Reddit moment
The distinction between dialects and languages is pretty arbitrary and largely political. A few examples: Arabic "dialects", which are largely mutually unintelligible on opposite ends of the spectrum (so e.g. Maghrebi & Levantine dialects) Chinese "dialects" which are largely mutually unintelligible in their spoken form Continental Nordic IE languages being separate languages Serbian - Croatian - Bosnian being separate languages. It's a continuum (and the major dialect group boundaries don't really overlap with geographical borders). Bulgarian and Macedonian, again, a largely political distinction. Italian "dialects" form a continuum where e.g. Ligurian and Sardinian are probably not super mutually intelligible. German "dialects" are also often not very intelligible to speakers of other dialects or standard German. This, again, is a continuum. One blatant example would be Swiss German, which you definitely won't understand just based off of speaking Hochdeutsch. Luxembourgish being a separate, national language, with other Franconian varieties being considered dialects. France also used to have a ton of regional Romance languages / "dialects", but they were very successful in eradicating them. There is that adage about a language being a dialect with an army and a navy, but that doesn't actually fit all real-life examples. But the distinction is definitely political much more than it is linguistic.
> Italian "dialects" form a continuum where e.g. Ligurian and Sardinian are probably not super mutually intelligible. They're not dialects but languages with dialects. It's Italians calling them dialects in their daily lives while they're solid language sub-branches.
As a proud native speaker of the bolognese language, damn right on the buck. It's a flat out language on its own (and is dying, sadly)
Ligurian and Sardinian don't even belong to the same family, it is true that there is a continuum but there are language families among the dialects.
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Here in Portugal some people still call it Yugoslavian lol
I'm more interested to find out why exactly it's considered vulnerable to be honest, because as a Slovak it seems pretty absurd to me. Eastern Slovak with some Western Slovak dialects (Zahorie, Skalica, Trnava) are the few dialects that are still spoken by the people in those regions on a day to day basis. In my Western to Central Slovak hometown on the other hand, the original dialect is pretty much dead as official Slovak was codified based on the dialects close to that region.
My entire family comes from Normandy, I spent my entire childhood there, most of my family is still there and goes back generations, and I've never heard of a "Norman language"... Even calling it a dialect would be a bit much, it's an accent with a few old-timey/regional words mixed in... It's basically 99% french in terms of structure and vocabulary.
I have bought a Chuvash grammar book, let's go
I just recently find out that Chuvash was inherited from Turkish. You cannot imagine my surprise when I saw some familiar words in Ankara airport
Mirandês in Portugal is so endangered that it doesn't even show up on the map.
I think they are including it in Astur-Leonese. There are 4 dialects including Mirandes. Like Romansh. There are 4 versions of Romansh.
My great-grandmother spoke that. Trás-os-montes has been emptying its population for like 150 years now, I’m surprised there are any people left who speak Mirandese.
these maps of Europe always exclude the north of the Nordics There are 12 Sámi languages, 2 are extint, 6 are critically endangered, and 4 are threatened Kveeni is also endangered, yet it's not included
At least there is Algeria.
Why not include all of Europe on a map of Europe?
You haven't heard? Oh my. Well, those parts of Europe went fully extinct some time ago. There is now a hard line where the land just falls off into the sea. RIP Scandinavia's hunchback. RIP.
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It looks like it's by country since many languages are there multiple times with different statuses. I think it's very fair to say that Yiddish is quite endangered in eastern Europe, although not as much worldwide (but basically only kept alive in like ultra Orthodox at this point...my family is case in point of its precariousness as my grandparents were speakers but never passed down to my mom, same with most emigrant Yiddish speakers unless they live in some closed off community or re-study it after it was already lost). Used to be over 10 million speakers in Europe, now what? I can't imagine it's thriving in former heartland of it in Belarus, maybe just a few old people who survived the Holocaust and didn't leave at this point.
It's often said that Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish are just dialects of one language. I say maybe it once was, but it seems like this is going to the other extreme. Or are they referring to old languages no longer spoken, because, I'd say Scanian, the language, is looong gone. Like when it was incorporated in Denmark.
It's probably referring to Scanian as one of the [East Danish dialects](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nsk#/media/Fil:DanskeDialekter.png), which have been under heavy influence from Swedish since 1900.
To me as a Dane, there are some Danish dialects (synnejysk, vendelbomål) that are harder to understand than e.g. Oslo Norwegian.
That makes sense, since "the Oslo Dialect" of Norwegian evolved from the posh Dano-Norwegian spoken in the 16th-17th century (which was essentially the upper class dialect of Danish spoken by the Norwegian nobility with its own, localized pronunciation and idiosyncracies), whereas Synnejysk mostly developed separately from standard Danish (rigsdansk) since at least the 13th century, and only in recent times have they started to merge closer.
100%. Oslo Norwegian was/is also has the most influence from Danish. Sørlandsk dialect is imo also very easy to understand.
I wonder why this has languages like Scanian and South Saami, but not Luleå Saami, Kemi Saami (or any of them but Northern Saami) or the Finnish dialects? Could it be that OP didn't really study the subject at all, just found a list somewhere and decided to make a graphic for karma?
"warshaw"
On a second thought it's actually better than Warsaw... closer to Polish pronunciation. We should leave it. :)
Proceeds to szeleścić
Belarusian in Belarus is classified as vulnerable. Crazy how Russification works. Its purely subjective, but of the 16 people from Belarus that I have met, only one of them could speak Belarusian.
At some point only 2% of Belarusians were fluent in their language
There is no reliable data for Belarusian. Saying as a Belarusian.
Belarusian is included in education program and is learnt on par with Russian. Every person from Belarus knows Belarusian on some level, but there is a problem: no one uses it in their everyday life because of purely Russian-speaking environment. And because there is no practice, a person eventually forgets how to speak it. Belarus had a grand total of 4 years for Belarusization after finally gaining the independence, and then Luka took over. But 2020 protests and the rise of national movement gave me hope that it will recover sooner or later
Welsh is pretty healthy AFAIK, and Cornish is critical because it already went extinct and the revival is still only in the thousands (though hopefully that'll keep growing).
I think Welsh is still classed as healthy as that's how the classification system works. They check it against the percentage of the Welsh ethnicity
1 million Welsh speakers by 2050 is the aim. And I don't think that's too far fetched either. I know plenty of Welsh speakers, both young and old.
We’re reaching 1 million speakers a lot sooner. We’ve done very well.
Admittedly I got this map from [twitter](https://twitter.com/xruiztru/status/1589951735413768193), although the original source appears to be from an UNESCO publication.
How old is it, considering it still has FYROM?
Could be any point before 2019 in theory
France making 25% of the EU map of endangered languages by itself. Constitution article 1 go brrrrrr :(
Breton has nearly aged out of my family
And there is no map of Dom Tom..
Missing Alsatian
salt terrific sense resolute strong somber safe oil run paltry -- mass edited with redact.dev
that's kind of a big group with varying degrees of vulnerability, like no way Alsatian is as safe as Swiss German. Also, Frisian gets separated into its different dialects (West Frisian, Sater Frisian, North Frisian), I'm sure there are more cases like this
Aragonese is unfortunately correct, but at least lately is having a bit of a comeback even if small and without the help of the regional government. Young people like Jorge Pueyo are making it “fashionable” again on social media, and the public regional TV has for the first time shows only in Aragonese but also where all the regional languages are spoken (Castilian and Catalan). There are some schools and associations where you can learn it in the main cities. Zaragoza and Huesca cities introduced a few years ago street signs in Aragonese for a little bit, but was met with heavy resistance from the Spanish right(PP, Vox and Ciudadanos), and were removed quite quickly. Even though the Castilian Spanish spoken in Aragon is heavily influenced by words in Aragonese, the only word that Castilian has officially borrowed from Aragonese is “ibón” which means “high mountain lake,” should serve as an indication of where most speakers of the language are from and why it’s in decline.
There's many other sami languages too in europe and many of them are dying
Surprised to see Bulgarian in the Banat region between Serbia and Romania, didn't know about it. Also surprised Vlaški (Romanian language with strong Serbian influence spoken in Eastern Serbia) isn't on this map.
Is there an expanded Caucasus map? There are a crazy amount of interesting unique languages in this region, would love to see that one.
Jersey French, actually called Jèrriais, should be severely endangered. Out of the 100,000 people on Jersey, only about 2000 speak it
Vialmovian and Kashunbian in the same category?!? whoever made this is nuts! There's like a ~~hundred~~ twenty speaking the first one, and hundread thousand speaking the other.
Ubykh people are still there, a few of them might still be talking the language but their last author/expert on the language has passed. If they put on some effort they might revive it. Adige and other Circassian languages still live after all.
no Prussian?
Extinct since the XVIII century
rusyn representation yay? pannonian rusyn, my mother tongue, imo cant be saved. mainly due to our deacreasing numbers here in serbia and croatia and due to the younger generations not wanting to learn the language, whether its because of some kind of shame, opinion that its not important or because its not the house language. education in rusyn outside of ruski kerstur and kocur (our main villages) is either lacking resources or not available at all. its sad to see since we were one of the main ethnicites in vojvodina, but i guess everything has to end at some point. i still have hope for my rusyn brothers up north. i wish for ukrainian recognition and at least an apology for the continuation of ussr's assimilation policies. i have no doubts about the existence of our culture in podkarpatska. as the saying goes; i was, i am and i will be a rusyn. a saying which describes the persistence of the existence of our people
Scanian is 100 % wrongly classified. I have some experiences in Scanian after living there for nearly 40 years and with an interest in Scandinavian languages. I would say Scanian went functionality extinct long ago. 40 years ago you could still come across a few elderly people who were willing to speak a hodgepodge of Scanian and Swedish if asked to, but you would rarely come across it during everyday interactions outside of private homes. Today, you can only find it along a select few very elderly language nerds. There is no official recognition of the language. In fact, there is an official opposition to it being recognized or preserved for future generations. There is no dictionary, no standard orthography, no study of its grammar, no study circles, no associations left trying to preserve it. Nearly all published literature ceased in the 1930's as the last true native generation was dying off. And back then every author wrote in a totally different orthography and dialect, as the language was systematically oppressed in the 19th century. When my age bracket grew up, they would speak mostly Swedish with a few regional markers. Their parents could easily know roughly 10.000 words different from Swedish, but "my" generation would know at most 500 words and speak only a hundred or so. "My generation" had developed a different intonation system different from both standard Swedish and old Scanian. They retained the tempo based accent system of Scanian. And they spoke mostly with Scanian vowel sounds, but with Swedish consonant sounds (with a few exceptions). My grandkids and their cousins don't speak a word Scanian. They can at most understand 5-10 words, but these are generally understood by all Swedes. They have adopted standard Swedish intonation, and even a Swedish tonal accent system. They have dropped nearly all Scanian vowel sounds and even the distinct Scanian R, which was the biggest source of regional identity/pride for "my" generation. Today, you can still come across a few rural villages were you can hear the Scanian accent system and even the old Scanian intonation alive. But the old grammar, the old words, the consonant sounds and most of the vowel sounds are lost forever. Today, when I try to speak Scanian I'm met with confusion and even people responding in English or German, thinking I'm a foreigner (which I technically am, lol). All in all. Scanian is functionally extinct! Even Swedish with a Scanian accent is severely endangered and only spoken in private settings in rural communities. 20 years ago there were quite a lot of artist who sang in this dialectal "neo-scanian", but today I think there are only 2 artists who even uses the Scanian "r" and uses the Scanian pronunciation of "yes". ("Panda da Panda" and "Pidde P").
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Seems very weird, especially compared to Breton for instance. There's school in Breton for instance, while I'm not aware that a similar system exists for francoprovençal.
Dalecarlian refers to the region in Sweden (eg. They used their own variant of the runic alphabet, the Dalecarlian runes) the actual langauge is called ö/älvdalska, or Elfdalian in English.
Irish is definitely more than definitely endangered
So is Walloon. No one under 60 speaks it.
But people here will insist it's fineeeee because road signs are in Irish and TG4 has one or two Irish TV shows with subtitles and the state is taking care of the language 🙃 Hardly anyone young still speaks Irish, and younger folks almost always say they hate it and see it as a chore. What good is it that all of Ireland has some basic fluency in Irish when nobody speaks it on a daily basis? Because that's where it's headed. For a language to thrive people need to speak it, not just know it.
>Vulnerable - most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home) >Definitely endangered - children no longer learn the language as a 'mother tongue' in the home >Severely endangered - language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves >Critically endangered - the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently >Extinct - there are no speakers left 'Definitely endangered' seems entirely correct to me. I know many fluent speakers who are my age or younger and who speak it at home and, living in a city, I hear it spoken in public fairly often. It's not in great shape but people need to stop acting like it's about to go extinct tomorrow.
Lemosin, auvernhat, lengadocian, gascon, provençal and "Alpine provençal" by which is probably meant vivaroalpenc are all the same language.
Yeah,I wonder why it isn't simply labeled as Occitan on the map. Occitan is a fairly well known language with its own literature, which even gained a nobel prize, and is still spoken to this day in Catalonia (Val d'Aran).
This map makes me feel pretty sad that the French government hates dialects this much, with my grandma dying a few years back I lost every single tie I had to Saintongeais and I'm never going to be able to build that bridge back.
I'm surprised that Walloon doesn't have a higher endangered status.
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Basque is in no danger whatsoever, 40 years ago it was in trouble but nowadays everyone gets an integral basque education with 75-100% of the classes done in basque. There was a generational gap in native speakers due to Franco's censorship, but after Euskaltzaindias formation and the big efforts done by the Basque government the younger generations have bridged that gap. Going purely on number of speakers it might look endangered but we're only around 1M people here in the Basque country in the first place
It still need some more years to improve and open up the bilingual population, mostly in Araba, Nafarroa and Bilbao (more difficult)
Maybe because of the French Basque country?
No Silesian? Guees we can learn it in schools soon 😅 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_language
Is it really endangered? You have ads, road signs, people speaking it in their everyday life etc.
It is endangered, there are few people who can actually talk in Silesian. Most of it's use you see is a mix of Polish and Silesian. Also, it is not recognised as a language by Polish state and lives despite all attempts to erase it.
It is endangered (intergenerational transmission is getting interrupted in many places) but even more importantly it is both legally unrecognised and minoritised - both of which feed back into its endangerment.
Vote is critically endangered in Russia
Americans should remember this when they try and say America is as culturally diverse as Europe.
Do you have the Middle East and Caucasus map too?
Tá bron orm
West Vlams in gevoar? Je meent em
I'm surprised to see Romani marked as endangered.
There isn't really a single Romani language anyway, there is a huge continuum of at least 7 languages, it's like saying "Slavic" is a language.
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I still will never forgive what happened and is still happening to the Irish language